CLIMATE CHANGE: Biofuels Worse Than Fossil Fuels, Studies Find
By Stephen Leahy
BROOKLIN,
Canada, Feb 8 (IPS) - Biofuels are making climate change worse, not
better, according to two new studies which found that total greenhouse
gas emissions from biofuels are far higher than those from burning
gasoline because biofuel production is pushing up food prices and
resulting in deforestation and loss of grasslands.
"Emissions
from ethanol are 93 percent higher than gasoline," said David Tilman,
an ecologist at the University of Minnesota and co-author of one of the
papers published Thursday in the journal Science.
"The bottom line is that using good farmland for biofuels increases greenhouse emissions," he said.
Corn-based ethanol was supposed to reduce emissions of
greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 10 to 20 percent compared to burning
gasoline. But previous studies did not account for the real-world fact
that when agricultural land is used for fuel there is less land to grow
food in a hungry world. That drives up food prices and leads to
conversion of forests and native grasslands to grow food.
Converting forests and grasslands is a big climate no-no.
Each converted hectare dumps about 351 tonnes of GHGs on
average into the atmosphere. Natural lands have been accumulating
carbon for hundreds of years. It would take 167 years of ethanol
production on that hectare to balance the equation, even assuming
ethanol does reduce emissions 20 percent, reports Timothy Searchinger
and colleagues in the other paper.
And Searchinger found this is the case for all biofuels,
although the timeframes differ. When a hectare of peatland rainforest
in Indonesia or Malaysia is converted to grow oil palm trees for oil
palm, it will take 423 years of producing palm biodiesel to work off
the carbon debt from conversion of these tropical forests.
Sadly, vast tracts of peatlands have already been cleared.
Last December, Susan Page, a leading expert on peatlands at the
University of Leicester in England, reported that some 3.2 million
hectares have been converted already and will put an astonishing 3.22
billion tonnes of GHGs into the atmosphere over 25 years. Every tonne
of palm oil produced on this peatland will result in up to 70 tonnes of
CO2 over the life cycle of 25 years due to conversion, peat
decomposition and emission from fires associated with land clearance,
she found.
In 2005, 25 percent of all deforestation in Southeast Asia was
on peatlands for palm oil plantations. The remaining forest peatlands
are safely storing 50 to 70 billion tonnes of carbon.
"Current land use and land practise developments in Southeast Asia give grave cause for concern," said Page in a statement.
Surprisingly, these are the first studies to look at the impacts of global biofuel production on land clearing.
"These natural areas store a lot of carbon, so converting them
to croplands results in tonnes of carbon emitted into the atmosphere,"
said Joe Fargione, a scientist for the Nature Conservancy and co-author
of the Science paper.
Even Brazil's much touted sugarcane ethanol success story
reveals that converting Cerrado grassland requires at least 17 years of
sugarcane production to cover the carbon debt. Far worse is when Amazon
forest is converted to grow soy for biodiesel, where the carbon debt
would last 319 years.
And Brazilians are converting the Amazon forest at a
record-breaking pace. In the last five months of 2007 alone, nearly
7,000 sq. kilometres have fallen, mainly in Mato Grosso, according to
satellite observations. Biofuel is a major driver of this destruction.
U.S. farmers are growing far more corn to feed the ethanol mills and
much less soy than they used to. Meanwhile, the global demand for soy
grows and Brazilian soy farmers clear the Amazon to grow even more.
"If you're trying to mitigate global warming, it simply does
not make sense to convert land for biofuels production," said Fargione
in a statement.
Conversion of conservation lands is happening in the U.S. as
well. More than 12 million additional acres of corn were planted in
2007, and even more is expected this year. And all of those acres of
corn-for-ethanol are making climate change worse. One quarter of the
2008 corn crop will become fuel.
That said, biofuels may have a future if they can be grown on
degraded lands using perennial non-food plants. Biofuels from waste
biomass such as wood slash, straw and corn stalks using either
cellulosic or gasification processes may also be biofuels that actually
reduce emissions. However, using "wastes" deprive the soil of valuable
organic matter, essential to soil productivity.
More study on the potential of these new technologies needs to be done, says Tilman
And there is an essential need for an international set of
standards for biofuel production so that governments and businesses
will know which ones to invest in. Some biofuels offer a relatively
cheap source of energy but have very negative impact on the climate, he
said: "We absolutely need a set of international standards."
The biofuel boom comes at a time when food production has to
double to feed the three billion additional mouths expected by 2050 and
when many people in China and India and elsewhere can now afford to eat
more meat, which means even more grain will be needed.
"In this context, it is a pretty silly idea to use food as fuel," said Tilman.
(END/2008)
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